Preheat your oven to 400°F and line a large rimmed baking sheet with parchment paper for easy cleanup.
Peel the sweet potato and cut it into 1/2-inch cubes to ensure even roasting.
Place the sweet potato cubes on the baking sheet, drizzle with half of the olive oil, and sprinkle with a pinch of sea salt and pepper.
Roast the sweet potatoes for 12 minutes to allow them to begin softening and developing color.
While the potatoes roast, mince the garlic and rub it onto the chicken breast along with the dried oregano and remaining salt and pepper.
Remove the baking sheet from the oven, push the potatoes to one side, and add the chicken breast, trimmed asparagus, and drained artichoke hearts.
Drizzle the remaining olive oil and half of the lemon juice over the chicken and vegetables.
Return the pan to the oven and roast for 15 to 18 minutes, or until the chicken reaches an internal temperature of 165°F and the asparagus is tender-crisp.
Finish the dish with a final squeeze of fresh lemon juice over the chicken and vegetables before serving.