Preheat your oven to 400°F (200°C) and line a large rimmed baking sheet with parchment paper for easy cleanup.
Peel the golden beets and cut them into 1/2-inch cubes to ensure they roast evenly and become tender.
Toss the cubed beets and the chicken breast with olive oil, sea salt, and black pepper directly on the baking sheet or in a mixing bowl.
Spread the beets in a single layer and roast for 10 minutes before adding the chicken breast to the tray.
Roast everything for an additional 18-20 minutes until the chicken is cooked through to an internal temperature of 165°F and the beets are fork-tender.
While the ingredients roast, whisk together the balsamic vinegar and honey in a small bowl until the dressing is smooth.
Remove the chicken from the oven and let it rest for 5 minutes before slicing it into thin strips.
In a large serving bowl, layer the fresh arugula, roasted golden beets, and sliced chicken, then top with crumbled goat cheese and walnuts.
Drizzle the balsamic-honey dressing over the salad just before serving.