Bring a pot of salted water to a boil and cook the whole wheat penne according to package directions, adding the broccoli florets during the last 3 minutes of cooking.
Reserve 0.25 cup of the pasta cooking water, then drain the pasta and broccoli.
Season the chicken breast with sea salt and black pepper.
Heat the olive oil in a large skillet over medium-high heat and sear the chicken until golden and cooked through, about 5-6 minutes per side.
Remove the chicken from the pan, let it rest for a few minutes, then slice it into bite-sized strips.
In the same skillet, reduce heat to low and add the minced garlic, sautéing for 1 minute until fragrant.
Whisk the Greek yogurt, grated parmesan, and the reserved pasta water into the skillet until a smooth, creamy sauce forms.
Add the cooked pasta, broccoli, and sliced chicken back into the skillet, tossing well to coat everything in the garlic parmesan sauce before serving.